Corporate Insolvency of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)

Understanding insolvency options for Limited Liability Partnerships

Quite often a limited liability partnership (LLP) faces growing levels of debt with no hope of repayment now or in the foreseeable future. When this is the case, the partners may agree it is time to wrap up business affairs and simply dissolve the partnership. However, in recent decades the definition of partnerships has become more clearly defined and as a result, they now need to follow (for the most part) the laws governing winding up an insolvent company due to its corporate similarities.

 If you are a partner in a limited liability partnership, it is important to understand your rights and obligations when winding up an insolvent partnership. Unlike standard partnerships, LLP members have a shared ("joint") responsibility, which should be documented in an "LLP agreement", but no individual ("several") responsibility for each other's actions. 

The Advent of the Insolvent Partnership Order

Prior to 1994 the rules governing partnerships were a bit unclear in terms of insolvency as a partnership generally was considered an agreement between two or more people to carry on business together as a group with shares pre-stated in the agreement. They tended not to be provided the same protection from personal liability in terms of debts due and most partners were held personally liable for debts owed by an insolvent partnership. In 1994 the rules and regulations were amalgamated under what is called The Partnership Order, usually referred to as the Order, and levels of liability were defined once and for all. With further revisions in 2005/06, the law is now quite clear as to:

Prior to the Order, partnerships roughly fell into the individual bankruptcy scheme but since have been considered separate entities (corporate entities) and many of the insolvency laws pertain to partnerships at this point.

Debt: Identifying the Responsible Parties

Although the ‘test’ for an insolvent limited liability partnership is similar to the test for an insolvent limited company, there seems to be a bit of confusion when it comes to identifying who owes the debt and to what extent. In general, UK law uses the same insolvency test for limited liability partnerships as it does for companies. The test is twofold in that it determines:

1. Can the partnership pay their debts when they fall due?
2. Does the partnership hold assets (when converted to cash) that would not be sufficient to satisfy all of the partnerships debts?

This is where many partners find the underlying confusion. A creditor can choose:

a)      To hold all partners individually/personally liable for the debt

b)      To petition the court to wind up the partnership

c)      To petition the court to hold the partnership and one or more of the partners liable for debt

But how can a creditor hold a partner liable in a limited liability partnership? Isn’t the whole point of going ‘limited liability’ to negate this from happening? Well, yes but only to an extent. Partners in limited liability structures must be aware that the LLP does not wholly eradicate the threat of personal liability as individual members may still be personally liable for the consequences of their own mistakes (however, this doesn’t stretch to the mistakes of fellow partners). It is crucial to realise that a negligent error – where a partner is clearly at fault – may expose them to the risk of liability within their own LLP.

If you are a partner of an insolvent limited liability partnership, you are not necessarily personally liable for debts incurred during the operation of the enterprise. However, you may also be held personally liable for those debts and a creditor may seek to petition the court to bankrupt you along with the company. Since these statutes are not as clearly defined as you might wish, call the Insolvency Practitioners at Real Business Rescue at the first sign of distress. If you intend to wind up an insolvent partnership, it is in your very best interest to seek competent insolvency help and guidance without delay. Call us on 0800 644 6080 today.